Os primeiros passos para a institucionalização da loucura em Alagoas na segunda meta de do século XIX ao estabelecimento do Asylo Santa Leopoldina: inserção de enfermeiros e tratamento / Los primeros pasos hacia la institucionalización de la locura en Alagoas en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX hasta la instauración del Asilo Santa Leopoldina: inserción de enfermeras y tratamiento / The first steps towards the institutionalization of madness in Alagoas in the second half of the 19th century to the establishment of Asylo Santa Leopoldina: insertion of nurses and treatment

A partir de 1850 Alagoas começou a discutir sobre as primeiras medidas sanitárias para conter as epidemias no estado. Foi nesse contexto que a comissão de higiene pública passou a propor medidas sanitárias coletivas e/ou individuais, como a limpeza das ruas e pântanos, orientações à população, controle na criação de porcos, construção do hospital de caridade, cemitério público de Maceió, lazareto do porto do Francês, abertura de enfermarias provisórias e adaptações à cadeia pública, este último abrigando o primeiro local para os alienados no Estado [Fragmento de texto] (AU)

The mentally ill and how they were perceived in young Israel.

The article constitutes a widely researched account of mental patients and their perceptions in the early history of Israel, especially its second decade. It focuses on a single generation, which experienced the traumas of war in Europe, followed by insecurity in Israel's struggle for independence. The article claims that in the 1960s many suffered from depression, reflected in a record number of patients in mental hospitals and mentally sick people, mostly of European origin. This study describes Israeli society in the 1960s as disturbed, immersed in nightmarish dreams and close to madness; it also discusses the genetic and neurological vulnerabilities which induced the psychosis and the social response that converted it into a chronic illness.

Sexual abuse by superintending staff in the nineteenth-century lunatic asylum: medical practice, complaint and risk.

The nineteenth century witnessed a great shift in how insanity was regarded and treated. Well documented is the emergence of psychiatry as a medical specialization and the role of lunatic asylums in the West. Unclear are the relationships between the heads of institutions and the individuals treated within them. This article uses two cases at either end of the nineteenth century to demonstrate sexual misdemeanours in sites of mental health care, and particularly how they were dealt with, both legally and in the press. They illustrate issues around cultures of complaint and the consequences of these for medical careers. Far from being representative, they highlight the need for further research into the doctor-patient relationship within asylums, and what happened when the boundaries were blurred.

Patients behind the front lines: the exchange of mentally-ill patients in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.

The British Mandate in Palestine ended abruptly in 1948. The British departure engendered a complex situation which affected all areas of life, and the country's health system was no exception. Gradual transition of the infrastructure was almost impossible owing to the ineffectiveness of the committee appointed by the United Nations. The situation was further complicated by the outbreak of the Arab-Israeli War. We relate for the first time the story of 75 Jewish patients who were left in a former British mental hospital in Bethlehem - deep behind the front lines. Despite the hostilities, there were complex negotiations about relocating those patients. This episode sheds light on the Jewish and Arab relationship as it pertained to mental institutions during and immediately after the British Mandate.

The fate of Jews hospitalized in mental hospitals in France during World War II.

The fate of Jewish psychiatric patients in occupied Europe during World War II is inseparable from the fate of the disabled and mentally ill, as planned by the Nazi regime. But Jews found themselves at the confluence of eugenics, Christian anti-Judaism and Nazi racist and anti-Semitic madness. They faced the twin promise of death - both as Jews and as mentally ill. They did not escape from the euthanasia programme and, if by a miracle they survived, they disappeared into the extermination camps. The modalities of annihilation of Jewish psychiatric patients are inseparable from the forms of German occupation, which differed from country to country. In this research we focus initially on various countries in occupied Europe, and then on France.

'A German Whore and no Money at that': Insanity and the Moral and Political Economies of German South West Africa.

While the links between colonial psychiatry and racism figure prominently in histories of the diagnosis, treatment and institutionalisation of the mentally ill in Africa, there is an absence of patient-centred accounts, in the analysis of the efforts of the colonial-era subjects themselves to be pro-active not merely as the mentally ill, by clinical or court definition, but as persons embedded in social relationships with their kin and significant others. Moreover, despite an emerging scholarship, little is known of the experience of European settlers. In this respect there is a need for a more balanced representation, one that shows the ambivalence of colonial psychiatry and its reach into the lives of colonial subjects, Africans and Europeans alike. In this paper I focus on the narratives of a settler in German South West Africa and her efforts to escape diagnosis and institutionalisation. In building on a feminist approach to illness narratives, in particular on the idea of bearing empathic witness, I will explore the ways in which illness narratives can reveal the complex moral and political economies of the colonial world.

Alhures da loucura: um estudo arqueogenealógico sobre a produção da figura do doente mental / Elsewheres of madness: an archeogenealogical study about the production of the mentally ill figure

Este trabalho, seguindo uma perspectiva arqueogenealógica de Michel Foucault, tem o objetivo de investigar a figura do doente mental definidas pelas práticas e pelos discursos médico/psicológicos emergentes nos séculos XVII-XVIII, tal como a prática de internamento dos alienados; e no século XIX, com o advento da anatomopatologia, isto é, uma nova racionalidade médica pautada na objetivação da relação médico-paciente, como uma prática clínica. Esta pesquisa será realizada em três partes correspondentes às investigações de Foucault sobre suas obras, entre elas, História da Loucura, Nascimento da Clínica e O Poder Psiquiátrico. A partir dos estudos apresentados em História da Loucura, direcionamos as nossas análises para os séculos XVII e XVIII. A História da Loucura é um livro que faz uma arqueologia de uma percepção social do louco. Em Nascimento da Clínica, é apresentada uma arqueologia do olhar positivo. Por último, entraremos na genealogia Foucaultiana com O Poder Psiquiátrico para averiguarmos os desdobramentos históricos do século XIX sobre os dispositivos que efetuaram a produção da figura do doente mental.

This paper,following an archeogenealogical perspective of Michel Foucault, aims to investigate the mentally ill figure defined by the emerging medical/psychological practices and discourses in the 17th and 18h centuries, such as the practice of internment of the alienated; and in the 19th century, with the advent of anatomopathology, i.e. a new medical rationality based on the objectification of the doctor-patient relationship, as a clinical practice. This research will be conducted in three parts corresponding to Foucault's investigations of his works, including History of Madness, Birth of the Clinic and Psychiatric Power. From the studies presented in History of Madness, we directed our analysis to the 17th and 18th centuries. The History of Madness is a book that makes an archeology of a social perception of the insane. In Birth of the Clinic, an archeology of the positive look is presented. Finally, we will enter the Foucaultian genealogy with Psychiatric Power to ascertain the historical developments of the 19th century about the devices that produced the mentally ill figure.

Religious Insanity: A Diagnosis at the Intersection of 19th Century American Religion and Psychiatry.

Among the more common admission diagnoses of patients admitted to 19th century American asylums that have now disappeared completely from the psychiatric nosology is "religious insanity." This article presents a review of the historical and sociological research, which suggests the theory that religious belief and practice was a common cause of insanity, hence the diagnosis of "religious insanity." The way in which the diagnosis developed at the intersection of Protestant revival movements and the growth of modern asylum psychiatry in the United States, and thereby served several important functions in psychiatry and society, is discussed. The article concludes with reflections on how the rise and fall of the theory of religion as a primary cause or contributor to insanity in the 19th century mirrors the often conflicted relationship between religion and psychiatry in modern history and the difficulty in drawing scientifically reliable and morally justifiable lines between spiritual experience and mental illness in any cultural period.

Public Perceptions of Moral Insanity in the 19th Century.

The diagnosis of moral insanity was primarily used through the best part of the 19th century to define and justify the psychiatric treatment of a particular type of conduct in which the patient seemed otherwise rational but displayed certain inexplicable and undesirable behaviors deemed socially perverse or "unfit." This article traces the history of this highly contested concept, which mirrors a historical arc in which psychiatry emerges as a discipline and stakes territorial claims on defining and regulating moral behavior. As illustration, I focus on the Hinchman Conspiracy Trial of 1849 as a less known case of wrongful confinement that hinged on proving the diagnosis of moral insanity in court. Moral insanity is a case study of the efforts to medicalize human ethical conduct, an effort starkly resisted by both the courts and the public. Some of the legacies of the term are the contemporary use of insanity as a legal defense, and the ability of patients to dispute psychiatric ward confinement orders in court.

Casas de Locos: The Treatment of the Mentally Ill in the Hispanic World Before the Enlightenment.

Before the Enlightenment, the mentally ill in the Hispanic world received standard medical care. After the foundation of the first hospital for specific treatment for mentally ill in Valencia in 1409, a number of hospitals opened their doors to patients with mental illness across the Iberian Peninsula during the 15th century. This model of medical care for people with mental illness was carried to America and the Philippines soon after the arrival of the Spaniards. The treatment for the mentally ill in the Hispanic World influenced the development of Pinel's moral treatment and the care of the mentally ill during the Enlightenment. This article will explain the circumstances leading to the foundation of a number of specific hospitals for the mentally ill in the Hispanic territories as well as the kind of care that these patients received at the so-called casas de locos.

Los espacios de la locura en la Toscana del siglo XVIII: estrategias y negociaciones para enfrentar la enfermedad mental / The spaces of madness in Eighteenth-Century Tuscany. Strategies and negotiations to deal with mental afflictions

Este trabajo estudia los diferentes espacios en que aparece registrada la locura en el Gran Ducado de Toscana durante el siglo XVIII. A partir de la revisión de expedientes de interdicción por incapacidad mental, archivos de justicia criminal, archivos de policía y registros hospitalarios, propone una aproximación a la historia de la locura basada en el análisis comprensivo de las vinculaciones entre las distintas instancias en que se debatió sobre sus características, se evaluaron sus consecuencias y se elaboraron estrategias para hacerle frente. Este enfoque revela que las alternativas existentes para sobrellevar la enfermedad mental funcionaban como respuestas temporales y flexibles que constituían una red de instancias que podían ser recorridas de distintas maneras. Sugiere que el estudio de estos itinerarios, sus actores y lenguajes resulta fundamental para comprender en toda su magnitud la forma en que fueron concebidas y enfrentadas las perturbaciones mentales en el siglo XVIII. En particular, sostiene que su funcionamiento dio pie a un debate social sobre los indicadores y significados de la locura que serviría de insumo para la sistematización del conocimiento psiquiátrico

This study explores the different spaces where madness was recorded in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany during the eighteenth century. Drawing from interdiction procedures, criminal records, records of the police and hospital records, it proposes an approach to the history of madness based on a comprehensive analysis of the connections between the different spaces where people debated about the characteristics and consequences of madness and developed strategies to deal with it. This analytical strategy discloses that the mechanisms for dealing with madness were temporary and flexible responses that functioned as a network that could follow different courses. The study suggests that these itineraries, its agents and languages are essential to fully grasp how mental afflictions were conceived and managed in the eighteenth century. Particularly, it argues that the way they functioned gave origin to a social debate about the indicators and signs of madness that contributed to the systematization of psychiatric knowledge

Presencia de la palabra "psiquiatría" en los diccionarios y en la prensa española (1855-1900) / Presence of the word "psychiatry" in the dictionaries and in the Spanish press (1855-1900)

Se realiza un estudio sobre la introducción de la palabra "psiquiatría" en los diccionarios españoles, lo mismo convencionales que especializados en medicina, para conocer de esta forma el posible origen del término, los cambios de acepción que ha experimentado con los años o su tardía presencia en el Diccionario de la Real Academia Española. También se rastrea la presencia de este mismo vocablo en la prensa española de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, tanto la de carácter político o cultural como la de medicina y ciencias en general. Llama la atención que, aparentemente, el término "psiquiatría" tarda en incorporarse al léxico profesional y al del público en general, pues, aunque aparece por primera vez en una revista médica en 1861, no será hasta la última década del siglo XIX cuando se haga un hueco en la literatura periodística española. Cabe destacar también la frecuencia con la que aparece el término en los textos que tratan sobre la responsabilidad civil de los enfermos mentales

This paper shows the results of a study carried out on the introduction of the word "psychiatry" in Spanish dictionaries, both in conventional ones and in those specialized in medicine. One of the goals of this work is to know the possible origin of the term, the changes of meaning that has experienced over the years and its late presence in the Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy. It also traces the presence of this word in the Spanish press of the second half of the nineteenth century, both in the political or cultural press and in the medical and scientific one. There is evidence that it took a long time for the term "psychiatry" to be incorporated into the professional and general vocabulary. In 1861, the word "psychiatry" appeared for the first time in a medical journal, but it was not until the last decade of the nineteenth century that it was commonly found in the Spanish journalistic literature. We would like to emphasize the frequency with which it shows up in texts about civil responsibilities of people with mental disorders

Insanity: A Legal and Cinematic Diagnosis.

The term "insanity" has been retired from medical nomenclature for about 100 years. Formerly interchangeable with the legal term, implying unsoundness of mind, it persists as a legal determination, mainly in criminal matters. However, the most prevalent uses of "insanity" are in colloquial speech and media. We track "insanity" in medical and legal parlance, reasons for its disappearance from psychiatry, and its persistence in popular culture. During the 19th century, specific types of legal insanity fell out of favor, especially "moral insanity," referring to irresistible impulses. The term persisted, for example, in some civil cases and in criminal cases, both denoting lack of capacity. In America, early 20th century focus on disease classification and nomenclature shifted from catchall terms (such as insanity, dementia, mania, and idiocy) to medical labels (psychosis and neurosis). Psychiatrist William Alanson White led the movement to change nomenclature. In 1921, the American Journal of Insanity became the American Journal of Psychiatry. By the time White was the American Psychiatric Association president in 1925, the medical use of "insanity" had been replaced in textbooks by progressive terminology. However, variations on "insane," suggesting loss of reason without diagnostic specificity, have become a staple among film tropes.

As good as it gets: an empirical study on mentally-ill patients and their stay at a general hospital in Sweden, 1896-1905.

General hospital care and treatment of mentally ill patients in a Swedish town was studied in records for 503 patients, 1896-1905. Restraint was extremely rare; 65% left the hospital as healthy or improved. Non-psychotic and alcoholic patients spent fewer days in hospital than patients with psychosis or dementia. There was no evidence of a social status bias. For 36% of the patients a certificate for mental hospital care was issued, with additional information. The cause of illness was stated as unknown for 42% of these patients; adverse circumstances were recorded for 18%. Heredity for mental illness was found in 50% of the patients, particularly in those with mania. Patients with a higher social status were underrepresented.

'The present state and statistical observation of mental patients under home custody', by Kure Shuzo and Kashida Goro (1918).

This text, dealing with the private confinement of the mentally ill at home, or shitaku kanchi, has often been referred to as a 'classic text' in the history of Japanese psychiatry. Shitaku kanchi was one of the most prevalent methods of treating mental disorders in early twentieth-century Japan. Under the guidance of Kure Shuzo (1865-1932), Kure's assistants at Tokyo University inspected a total of 364 rooms of shitaku kanchi across Japan between 1910 and 1916. This text was published as their final report in 1918. The text also refers to traditional healing practices for mental illnesses found throughout the country. Its abundant descriptions aroused the interest of experts of various disciplines.

El Manicomio Provicial de Málaga en el primer tercio del siglo XX: la utopía que (no) pudo ser / The Malaga provincial mental asylum (Spain) in the first third of the 20th century: the utopia that was (not) to be

Durante el primer tercio del siglo XX en España acontecieron cambios importantes en la asistencia a la locura. Varios factores influyeron en el desarrollo de las modificaciones en torno al discurso y práctica de una nueva disciplina psiquiátrica: una generación de médicos interesados en la locura y relacionados con la Junta de Ampliación de Estudios, organizaciones científicas como los Archivos de Neurobiología y el clima político progresista de la Segunda República, entre otros. El objetivo de este trabajo es visibilizar estrategias de cambio en el tratamiento de la locura en el psiquiátrico provincial de Málaga. Para ello, señalaré, por un lado, las diferentes reformas que el edificio necesitó y la relación de éstas con las prácticas asistenciales; y por otro, los intentos de reforma que llevaron a cabo Miguel Prados Such y Pedro Ortiz Ramos como profesionales de la neuropsiquiatría. Analizaré, finalmente, las relaciones entre el personal subalterno, los psiquiatras y la institución, mostrando las dinámicas de asimilación y/o rechazo de medidas concretas que pretendían mejorar las condiciones de los pacientes ingresados

During the first third of the 20th Century in Spain, many reforms happened in the attendance to the madness. Several factors had an influence in the introduction of fundamental changes in the discourse and practice of a new psychiatric discipline: the interest in insanity of a generation of doctors with links to the Junta de Ampliación de Estudios (Board for Advanced Studies), scientific organisations like the Archivos de Neurobiología (Archives of Neurobiology) and the political climate in the Second Spanish Republic, among others. The aim of this study is to shed light on these strategies for change in the treatment of insanity in the Malaga provincial psychiatric hospital. To this end, I will discuss the necessary alterations made to the building itself and their relation with health care practices, in addition to the attempts to introduce reforms by neuropsychiatric professionals like Miguel Prados Such and Pedro Ortiz Ramos. Finally, I will analyse relations among support staff, psychiatrists and the institution, to appraise the dynamics of assimilation and/or rejection of specific measures designed to improve the conditions of patients admitted to it

De la casa de locos a la asistencia especializada en hospitales. El caso de Mérida (Badajoz) / From the madhouse to the assistance specialized in hospitals. The case of Merida (Badajoz) / Da casa de louco ao cuidado especializado em hospitais. O caso de Merida (Badajoz)

Objetivo: Conocer cómo ha sido la evolución histórica de la atención psiquiátrica a las personas con patología mental en la ciudad de Mérida (Badajoz). Método: En este artículo se hace una breve descripción del desarrollo histórico que ha llevado a la atención a las personas con patología mental desde centros de internamiento cerrados y totalizadores hasta la atención especializada en unidades de hospitalización en hospitales generales centrándome en la ciudad de Mérida (Badajoz) mediante la revisión de fuentes bibliográficas referidas al tema. Desarrollo del tema: El camino recorrido desde los internamientos de por vida en hospitales psiquiátricos hasta la atención en hospitales generales y comunitaria ha sido largo, con incumplimiento de plazos de tiempos, con idas y venidas, y con caminos inacabados. Legislaciones que han influido en el devenir de miles de personas. Normas que han sido dictadas por unos y cumplidas por otros. La modificación de la forma de asistencial a las personas con patología mental ha ido temporalmente marcada por un intento de apertura a la sociedad de esas instituciones de abandono y olvido que eran los psiquiátricos y que Michael Foucault denominó en su momento heterotopias. Conclusiones: El cumplimiento de las leyes y normas aún sigue siendo incompleta puesto que aún se sigue recurriendo al encierro como medio de control social y sobre todo de control conductual. La norma social impuesta sobre la norma del comportamiento

Objective: To know how has been the historical evolution of psychiatric care to people with mental pathology in the city of Mérida (Badajoz). Method: This article gives a brief description of the historical development that has led to the attention to people with mental pathology from closed and total hospitalization centers to the specialized care in hospitalization units in general hospitals focusing on the city of Mérida ( Badajoz) by reviewing bibliographical sources related to the topic. Development of the theme: The journey from life-long internments in psychiatric hospitals to general and community hospitals has been long, with non-compliance with deadlines, with comings and goings, and with unfinished roads. Legislation that has influenced the future of thousands of people. Rules that have been dictated by some and fulfilled by others. The modification of the form of assistance to people with mental pathology has been temporarily marked by an attempt to open up to society those institutions of neglect and forgetfulness that were psychiatric and that Michael Foucault at the time called heterotopias. Conclusions: Compliance with laws and regulations is still incomplete, as enforcement is still used as a means of social control and above all behavioral control. The social norm imposed on the norm of behavior

Objetivo: Saber o que tem sido a evolução histórica da assistência psiquiátrica para pessoas com doença mental na cidade de Mérida (Badajoz). Método: Este artigo fornece uma breve descrição do desenvolvimento histórico que trouxe atenção às pessoas com doença mental dos centros fechados e totes internamento de cuidados especializados em unidades de internação em hospitais gerais com foco na cidade de Mérida é ( Badajoz), revendo fontes bibliográficas referiu-se ao assunto. Desenvolvimento do tema: A viagem das internações para a vida em hospitais psiquiátricos aos cuidados em hospitais gerais e da comunidade tem sido prazos longos, tempo perdido, com idas e vindas, e estradas inacabadas. Leis que influenciaram a evolução de milhares de pessoas. Normas que tenham sido emitidas por alguns e cumprido por outro. Alterar a forma de cuidados para as pessoas com doença mental foi temporariamente marcada por uma tentativa de abrir a sociedade das instituições que foram abandonados e esquecidos psiquiátrica e Michael Foucault chamados heterotopias em seu tempo. Conclusões: Conformidade com leis e regulamentos ainda está incompleta, uma vez que continua a usar o fechamento como um meio de controle social e controle especialmente comportamental. regra social imposta ao padrão de comportamento

Mental disorders in commentaries by the late medieval theologians Richard of Middleton, John Duns Scotus, William Ockham and Gabriel Biel on Peter Lombard's Sentences.

In their commentaries on the Sentences, Richard of Middleton, John Duns Scotus, William Ockham and Gabriel Biel reflect whether mentally-disturbed people can receive the sacraments (Baptism, Eucharist, confession, marriage) and fulfil juridical actions (make a will or take an oath). They consider that the main problem in 'madmen' in relation to the sacraments and legal actions is their lack of the use of reason. Scotus and Ockham especially are interested in the causes of mental disorders and the phenomena which happen in madmen's minds and bodies. In considering mental disorders mostly as naturally caused psycho-physical phenomena, Scotus and Ockham join the rationalistic mental disorder tradition, which was to become dominant in the early modern era and later.

Forensic Experts, Indigent Defendants, and the Constitution.

Over 30 years ago, the U.S. Supreme Court held that indigent defendants raising psychiatric issues are entitled to the assistance of a mental health expert. However, the exact dimensions of that assistance, and whether the expert must be assigned exclusively to assist the defense, have been in contention ever since. In its recent decision in McWilliams v. Dunn, the Court underscored that the state-funded expert must be available to consult with the defense, not merely to evaluate the defendant, but declined to opine on whether the defense is entitled to its own expert for the purpose.